## Francisco Bem

February 8, 2008

Born December 27, 2007. In the picture here, he is about a month old.

## Cardinal preserving elementary embeddings

February 8, 2008

For a while now I have been thinking about structural restrictions that elementary embeddings must satisfy in set theory. Some of my findings were reported in Oaxaca during the XIII SLALM. An updated version of these results has been accepted for publication in the Proceedings of the Logic Coloquium 2007.  You can find it in my papers page.

## 116b- Lecture 9

February 8, 2008

(Covered by Todor Tsankov)

We proved the $\Sigma_1$-uniformization theorem. This allowed us to introduce the standard notation $\varphi^k_n$ for the $n$-th partial recursive function in $k$ variables (with respect to an enumeration induced by a $\Sigma_1$-uniformization of a universal $(k+1)$-ary $\Sigma_1$ relation), and proved that the halting problem is unsolvable and that there are partial recursive functions without (total) recursive extensions. A corollary of this (that separation of r.e. sets by recursive sets fails) is part of this week’s homework.

We then reviewed the axioms of $\mathsf{ACA}_0$ and began to work towards proving that this theory is powerful enough to prove the basic theorems of logic.  Specifically, we showed that given a set coding a countable language, in $\mathsf{ACA_0}$ one can prove that the set of formulas of the language exists, and the same holds for the sets of sentences or logical axioms. Using this, one can define a provability predicate that states of a set $X$ and a number $n$ that $X$ is a (not necessarily r.e.) set of sentences in the given language, and $n$ codes the Gödel number of a sentence provable from $X$. Hence, in $\mathsf{ACA_0}$ one can define the classes of consistent, closed under deduction, and complete theories.

## 116b- Lecture 8

February 8, 2008

(Covered by Clinton Conley.)

We proved the Gödel-Rosser incompleteness theorem, as a consequence of the diagonal lemma. This is a stronger version of the first incompleteness theorem than originally proved by Gödel, who needed to assume more than just consistency of the underlying theory $T$. Several corollaries follow: $\mathsf{Q}$ is essentially undecidable, there are r.e. sets that are not recursive, and truth is undefinable, a result due to Tarski.

We closed with some observations about r.e. sets, to which we will return at some later point. Namely, there are universal $\Sigma_1$-relations, which provides us with a new proof that there are r.e. sets that are not recursive. Then, we proved the $\Sigma_1$ enumeration theorem of Kleene.