August | 2010 | A kind of library

170- Quiz 1

August 29, 2010

Quiz 1 is here.

Solutions follow.

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Posted by andrescaicedo

Summer

August 27, 2010

As a mathematician, this was a relatively eventful Summer.

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Posted by andrescaicedo

“To infinity and beyond: The struggle to save arithmetic “

August 23, 2010

The British magazine New Scientist recently posted online an article about Harvey Friedman and his work on Boolean relation theory. Unfortunately, the author seems to think that somehow arithmetic is in danger and Friedman needs to save it. The article made some people curious, and I ended up writing a somewhat lengthy group of posts on examples of undecidable (i.e., unprovable) statements. I think it may be worth sharing them, so here they are, “essentially” unedited.

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7 Comments | math.LO | Permalink
Posted by andrescaicedo

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- Convergence of $\sum(n^3\sin^2n)^{-1}$ May 14, 2010
  I saw a while ago in a book by Clifford Pickover, that whether the Flint Hills series $\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac1{n^3\sin^2 n}$ converges is open. I would think that the question of its convergence is really about the density in $\mathbb N$ of the sequence of numerators of the standard convergent approximations to $\pi$ (which, in itself, seems li […]
  Andrés E. Caicedo
- Answer by Andrés E. Caicedo for Well known theorems that have not been proved February 3, 2023
  I am not sure whether this qualifies as "well-known". Anyway, in set theory, in the study of the partition calculus (transfinite generalizations of Ramsey's theorem), effort centered for a while in studying relations of the form $$ \omega^m\to(\omega^n,k)^2 $$ for $m,n,k$ positive integers. Here, exponentiation is in the ordinal sense. This re […]
  Andrés E. Caicedo
- Answer by Andrés E. Caicedo for Where is the Erdős–Rado theorem stated in Erdős and Rado's Bull AMS paper? December 23, 2014
  This is Theorem 39 in the paper (see Theorem 4.(i) for a user-friendly preview). But the fact that $(2^\kappa)^+\to(\kappa^+)^2_\kappa$ is older (1946) and due to Erdős, see here: Paul Erdős. Some set-theoretical properties of graphs, Univ. Nac. Tucumán. Revista A. 3 (1942), 363-367 MR0009444 (5,151d). (Anyway, it is probably easier to read a more modern pre […]
  Andrés E. Caicedo
- Answer by Andrés E. Caicedo for The Erdős-Turán conjecture or the Erdős' conjecture? June 3, 2013
  One of the best places to track these things down is The mathematical coloring book, by Alexander Soifer, Springer 2009. Chapter 35 is on "Monochromatic arithmetic progressions", and section 35.4, "Paul Erdős’s Favorite Conjecture", is on the problem you ask about. As far as I can tell, the question is sometimes called the Erdős-Turán con […]
  Andrés E. Caicedo
- Relative densities September 12, 2013
  Throughout the question, we only consider primes of the form $3k+1$. A reference for cubic reciprocity is Ireland & Rosen's A Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory. How can I count the relative density of those $p$ (of the form $3k+1$) such that the equation $2=3x^3$ has no solutions modulo $p$? Really, even pointers on how to say anything […]
  Andrés E. Caicedo
Math.StackExchange
- Does $|X|^m\cdot n^{|X|}\le (n+m)^{|X|}$ hold without choice? February 16, 2023
  As we learned in this question, provably in $\mathsf{ZF}$, if $X$ is infinite then $|X|^n\le(n+1)^{|X|}$ for any natural number $n$, and this is optimal in the sense that, in general, $n+1$ cannot be replaced with $n$. A naïve inductive attempt to show the inequality suggests that perhaps we can actually prove that $|X|\cdot n^{|X|}\le(n+1)^{|X|}$, although […]
  Andrés E. Caicedo
- Answer by Andrés E. Caicedo for Transfinite derivatives December 5, 2013
  In Ralph P. Boas's A primer of real functions, page 118, this is discussed in the following way: The derivative of infinite order of $f$ is defined on an interval $I$ iff the sequence $(f^{(n)})$ converges uniformly on $I$ (it is enough to require uniform convergence on compact subsets of $I$). Call $L$ the limit of this sequence, so $L$ is continuous a […]
  Andrés E. Caicedo
- Answer by Andrés E. Caicedo for cardinals such that $\alpha < \alpha ^ \beta$ January 31, 2023
  Recall that the beth ($\beth$) numbers are defined by transfinite recursion as $\beth_0=0$, $\beth_{\alpha+1}=2^{\beth_\alpha}$ and $\beth_\lambda=\sup_{\alpha
  Andrés E. Caicedo
- Answer by Andrés E. Caicedo for Prove that Baire space $\omega^\omega$ is completely metrizable? November 30, 2013
  The point here is that two functions are close iff they agree on an initial segment, that is, $d(f,g)\le 1/(n+1)$ iff $f(0)=g(0),f(1)=g(1),\dots,f(n-1)=g(n-1)$. Now, if $(f_n)_n$ is a Cauchy sequence, then, for each $n$, there is $N_n$ such that for all $m,k>N_n$ we have $d(f_m,f_k)\le1/(n+1)$. That is, all functions $f_m$ with $m>N_n$ agree on their f […]
  Andrés E. Caicedo
- Answer by Andrés E. Caicedo for Is it possible for a function to be smooth everywhere, analytic nowhere, yet Taylor series at any point converges in a nonzero radius? January 7, 2014
  No, this is not possible. Dave L. Renfro wrote an excellent historical Essay on nowhere analytic $C^\infty$ functions in two parts (with numerous references). See here: 1 (dated May 9, 2002 6:18 PM), and 2 (dated May 19, 2002 8:29 PM). As indicated in part 1, in Zygmunt Zahorski. Sur l'ensemble des points singuliers d'une fonction d'une variab […]
  Andrés E. Caicedo
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A kind of library

170- Quiz 1

Summer

“To infinity and beyond: The struggle to save arithmetic “

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