## On anti-foundation and coding the hereditarily finite sets

August 27, 2016

I would like to highlight a cute question in a recent paper,

MR3400774
Giovanna D’Agostino, Alberto Policriti, Eugenio G. Omodeo, and Alexandru I. Tomescu.
Mapping sets and hypersets into numbers.
Fund. Inform. 140 (2015), no. 3-4, 307–328.

Recall that W. Ackermann verified what in modern terms we call the bi-interpretability of $\mathsf{ZFfin}$ and $\mathsf{PA}$, where the latter is (first-order) Peano arithmetic, and the former is finite set theory, the result of replacing in $\mathsf{ZF}$ the axiom of infinity with its negation (and with foundation formulated as the schema of $\in$-induction). The reference is

MR1513141
Wilhelm Ackermann.
Die Widerspruchsfreiheit der allgemeinen Mengenlehre.
Math. Ann. 114 (1937), no. 1, 305–315.

I have written about this before. Briefly, one exhibits (definable) translations between the collection $\mathsf{HF}$ of hereditarily finite sets and $\mathbb{N},$ and verifies that the translation extends to a definable translation of the relations, functions and constants of the language of each structure in a way that $\mathsf{PA}$ verifies that $\mathsf{ZFfin}$ holds in the translation of $(\mathsf{HF},\in),$ and $\mathsf{ZFfin}$ verifies that $\mathsf{PA}$ holds in the translation of ${\mathbb N}=(\omega,+,\times,<,0,1)$. Recall that $\mathsf{HF}$ consists of those sets $a$ whose transitive closure is finite, that is, $a$ is finite, and all its elements are finite, and all the elements of its elements are finite, and so on. Using foundation, one easily verifies that $\mathsf{HF}=V_\omega=\bigcup_{n\in\omega}V_n$, that is, it is the collection of sets resulting from iterating the power-set operation (any finite number of times) starting from the empty set.

In the direction relevant here, one defines a map $h:\mathsf{HF}\to\mathbb{N}$ by

$h(a)=\sum_{b\in a}2^{h(b)}.$

One easily verifies, using induction on the set-theoretic rank of the sets involved, that this recursive definition makes sense and is injective (and, indeed, bijective).

Of course this argument uses foundation. In the D’Agostino-Policriti-Omodeo-Tomescu paper they consider instead the theory resulting from replacing foundation with the  anti-foundation axiom, and proceed to describe a suitable replacement for $h$ that injects (codes) $\mathsf{HF}$ into the real numbers. They do quite a bit more in the paper but, for the coding itself, I highly recommend the nice review by Randall Holmes in MathSciNet, linked to above.

The anti-foundation axiom $\mathsf{AFA}$ became known thanks to the work of Peter Aczel, and it is his formulation that I recall below, although it was originally introduced in work of Forti and Honsell from 1983, where they call it $X_1$. Aczel’s presentation appears in the excellent book

MR0940014 (89j:03039)
Peter Aczel.
Non-well-founded sets. With a foreword by Jon Barwise.
CSLI Lecture Notes, 14. Stanford University, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford, CA, 1988. xx+137 pp.
ISBN: 0-937073-22-9.

The original paper is

MR0739920 (85f:03054)
Marco Forti, Furio Honsell.
Set theory with free construction principles.
Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa Cl. Sci. (4) 10 (1983), no. 3, 493–522.

Given a binary relation $R$, its field $\mathrm{fld}(R)$ is the union of its domain and codomain. A decoration of $R$ is a function $d:\mathrm{fld}(R)\to V$ satisfying

$d(x)=\{d(y)\mid y\mathrel{R}x\}$

for all $x,y\in\mathrm{fld}(R)$. When $R$ is $\in$ and the sets in question are well-founded, the only decoration is the identity. Similarly, any well-founded relation $R$ admits a unique decoration. Define $\mathsf{AFA}$ as the statement that any binary $R$ (whether well-founded or not) admits a unique decoration.

In $\mathsf{ZF}$ with foundation replaced with $\mathsf{AFA}$ one can prove the existence of many non-well-founded sets. One of the appealing aspects of $\mathsf{AFA}$ is that the resulting univere is actually quite structured: Other anti-foundation axioms allow the existence of infinitely many Quine atoms, sets $x$ such that $x=\{x\}$, for instance. Under $\mathsf{AFA}$, there is exactly one such $x$, usually called $\Omega$. The axiom is sometimes described as saying that it provides solutions to many “equations” among sets. For instance, consider the system of equations $x=\{y\}$ and $y=\{x\}$. Under $\mathsf{AFA}$ the system has $x=y=\Omega$ as its unique solution. Note that assuming $\mathsf{AFA}$, $\Omega$ is in $\mathsf{HF}$, as are many other non-well-founded sets.

Here is the open question from the D’Agostino-Policriti-Omodeo-Tomescu paper: Work in set theory with $\mathsf{AFA}$ instead of foundation. Is there a unique, injective, function $h:\mathsf{HF}\to \mathbb{R}$  satisfying

$h(x)=\sum_{y\in x}2^{-h(y)}$

for all $x,y\in\mathsf{HF}$?

Note that there is a unique such $h$ on the well-founded hereditarily finite sets, and it is in fact injective. In general, existence, uniqueness and injectivity of $h$ appear to be open. The claim that there is such a function $h$ is a statement about solutions of certain equations on the reals, and the claim that $h$ is unique requires moreover uniqueness of such solutions. The expectation is that $h(x)$ is transcendental for all non-well-founded hereditarily finite $x$ but, even assuming this, the injectivity of $h$ seems to require additional work.

For example, consider $x=\Omega$. The function $h$ must satisfy

$h(\Omega)=2^{-h(\Omega)}$

and, indeed $h(\Omega)=0.6411857\dots$ is the unique solution $x$ of the equation $x=2^{-x}$

I would be curious to hear of any progress regarding this problem.

## Smullyan

August 11, 2016

I have just posted on my papers page a preprint of a review of

MR3379889
Smullyan, Raymond
Reflections—the magic, music and mathematics of Raymond Smullyan.
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Hackensack, NJ, 2015. x+213 pp.
ISBN: 978-981-4644-58-7; 978-981-4663-19-9

that I have submitted to Mathematical Reviews.

## MSC2020

July 26, 2016

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## MathReviews

April 22, 2015

I will be taking a leave from BSU this coming academic year, and moving to Ann Arbor, to work as an Associate Editor at MathReviews.